RO feed water flows through two 5.0 μm pore size (nominal) cartridge filters operating in parallel at 15 m 3/h. A constant water temperature is required to compare RO flux data otherwise normalisation of flux data to a constant temperature is required. A rule of thumb is that the RO product water (permeate) flow rate increases 3% per ☌ rise in water temperature due to lower viscosity. It is also used to heat water to 80° C during the hot water sanitisation cycle. The heat exchanger maintains the RO feed water temperature at 25☌ during the normal service run. The carbon filter effluent flows through a steam heat exchanger before it flows to the RO skid. Since, the polyamide RO membranes are damaged by oxidants such as chlorine, dechlorination of RO feed water is mandatory.
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Activated carbon media bed removes organic compounds and free chlorine from water. Each pump motor is provided with a variable frequency drive to maintain constant pressure. Water is transferred from the holding tank to the carbon filter by either booster pump (one pump is on standby) at 15 m 3/h and 3 bar g. The holding tank is provided with vent filters − 0.2 μm hydrophobic – that prevent water from getting contaminated by particles from the atmosphere. Thus the tank allows the RO/EDI system to operate in a continuous mode during periods when the water is not required by the product water storage tank. The holding tank provides storage for pretreated water and for recycled water thereby preventing various upstream and downstream equipment from cycling on/off frequently. The tank also receives up to 9 m 3/h EDI system product water when the system is in re-circualtion mode as discussed below. The softened water flows to a holding tank at 18 m 3/h. The softener IX resins are regenerated with brine (10–12% NaCl solution).
The softeners produce water with hardness less than 1 mg/l.
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The duplex water softeners operate in series with the primary unit removing most of the hardness ions and the polishing unit removing remaining hardness ions. The application of anti-scalants to prevent scaling is not recommended for use in pharmaceutical water plants. Softened water is required to prevent RO membrane scaling. The filtered water flows to the IX softeners at 18 m 3/h. Low turbidity water is required to protect the equipment downstream from particulate fouling. Multimedia filtration improves clarity and reduces turbidity by removing particles, from coarse sediment down to 10.0 μm. Raw (city) feed water has a pH = 7.6 and TDS = 140 mg/l with the following major constituents: bicarbonate = 19 mg/l chloride =19 mg/l sulphate = 47 mg/l silica = 7 mg/l calcium = 9 mg/l magnesium = 4 mg/l sodium = 30 mg/l).Ĭity water flows to multimedia filters operating in parallel at 18 m 3/h at 3–4 bar g. The hybrid membrane plant consists of a pretreatment section, a two-pass RO unit with inter-pass pressure booster pump, and a post-treatment section similar to the one shown in the above figure. Purified water is used in the preparation of topical and oral medications.
The water treatment plant supplies 9 m 3/h of USP purified water to a drug manufacturing facility in the US. The case study describes a high purity water plant similar to the one shown in Figure 3.46. Process flow schematic of a typical high purity water system for producing USP water and WFI in pharmaceutical manufacturing. OL24263737W Page_number_confidence 97.89 Pages 2270 Partner Innodata Pdf_module_version 0.0.3 Ppi 300 Rcs_key 24143 Republisher_date 20201125012416 Republisher_operator Republisher_time 4113 Scandate 20201123180210 Scanner Scanningcenter cebu Scribe3_search_catalog isbn Scribe3_search_id 9789287160546 Sent_to_scribe Tts_version 4.Figure 3.46. Urn:oclc:record:1244725305 Foldoutcount 0 Identifier europeanpharmaco2008unse Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t8fg3gz0b Invoice 1652 Isbn 9287160546ĩ287160597 Ocr tesseract 4.1.1 Ocr_detected_lang en Ocr_detected_lang_conf 1.0000 Ocr_detected_script Latin Ocr_detected_script_conf 0.9978 Ocr_module_version 0.0.7 Ocr_parameters -l eng Old_pallet IA19761 Openlibrary_edition Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 21:36:07 Associated-names Council of Europe European Pharmacopoeia Commission Bookplateleaf 0007 Boxid IA40001811 Camera Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control) Collection_set printdisabled External-identifier
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